Congenital Hemorrhagic Disorders: New Insights into the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Hemophilia.

The diagnostic and treatment strategies related to hemophilia are rapidly evolving. This article focuses on some of the issues of importance. Diagnostic advances in molecular genetics are reviewed by Dr. Ginsburg in Section I, including the current state of knowledge regarding the mutations responsible for hemophilia, with reference to the potential clinical applications of DNA diagnosis and prenatal testing. Within the area of new therapeutic approaches in hemophilia, recombinant factor VIII and factor IX concentrates, their use and availability are addressed by Dr. Lusher in Section II as well as the use of so-called "primary prophylaxis" with the aim of decreasing long-term hemophilia athropathy. The use of radionuclide synovectomy as replacement for more invasive methods is also reviewed. Various approaches to the ongoing challenge of the management of hemophilia patients with inhibitors against factor VIII and factor IX are reviewed by Dr. Hedner in Section III, including the principles for immune tolerance induction and the use of recombinant factor VIIa to induce hemostasis in bleeding patients with inhibitors. In Section IV, gene therapy in hemophilia is reviewed by Dr. High, who focuses on recent developments in the rapidly moving field of gene therapy for hemophilia. Three phase I trials of gene therapy for hemophilia were initiated in 1999, and additional proposed trials are currently in the regulatory review process. Certain aspects of the pathophysiology of hemophilia make it an attractive model for a gene-based approach to treatment. These include latitude in choice of target tissue, a wide therapeutic window, the availability of small and large animal models of the disease, and the ease of determining therapeutic efficacy. Since there is very little published information regarding the ongoing trials, this section reviews the approaches being used, the published pre-clinical data, and considerations affecting clinical trial design in hemophilia gene therapy.